Bob Noyce was a renowned inventor who revolutionized the electronics industry with his invention of the integrated circuit at Fairchild Semiconductor. At the same time, the Soviet Union and the United States were competing in various fields, including semiconductors and their role in transforming manufacturing, computing, and military power. Anatoly Trutko, a Soviet semiconductor engineer, arrived at Stanford University for a student exchange program during the Cold War. Trutko studied under William Shockley, who was upset that the USSR refused to pay royalties for the Russian translation of his textbook.
The USSR assigned its smartest scientists to work on building its semiconductor industry, including Yuri Osokin who was tasked with building an integrated circuit with multiple components. Osokin and his colleagues spent their time in the lab and debating solid-state physics, and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was obsessed with competing with the United States. Alexander Shokin, a Soviet State Committee on Radioelectronics official, saw an opportunity to use Khrushchev’s urge to compete to win investment in microelectronics.
The USSR had a secret weapon in the form of a spy ring led by Julius Rosenberg, which included Joel Barr and Alfred Sarant, electrical engineers and members of the Communist Party. During the 1940s, Barr and Sarant worked on classified military systems and gained knowledge about electronics before fleeing the US to reach the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, Barr and Sarant told KGB handlers they wanted to build the world’s most advanced computers and eventually built the first computer called UM.
Barr and Sarant partnered with Shokin to convince Khrushchev to establish a city devoted to producing semiconductors, and dreamed up their own version of Silicon Valley in a Moscow suburb. Sarant and Barr, former spies, showed Khrushchev the cutting-edge advancements in Soviet microelectronics and presented the idea of a futuristic city dedicated to producing semiconductors, which Khrushchev enthusiastically endorsed. The Soviet government approved the plan to build a semiconductor city in the Moscow outskirts, called Zelenograd, which was designed to be a perfect scientific settlement with all amenities for semiconductor engineers. The Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology, a university, was near the center of Zelenograd and resembled American and English college campuses.
In conclusion, Bob Noyce’s invention of the integrated circuit at Fairchild Semiconductor was paralleled by the Soviet Union’s efforts to build its semiconductor industry. The USSR had a secret weapon in the form of a spy ring led by Julius Rosenberg, which included Barr and Sarant, and eventually built a city devoted to producing semiconductors in the Moscow outskirts. Zelenograd was designed to be a perfect scientific settlement with all amenities for semiconductor engineers and resembled American and English college campuses.
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