Chapter 19: And They Lived Happily Every After (Sapiens)

Happiness The last 500 years have seen breakthroughs in every area of human concern. We have become more scientifically competent, economically prosperous, peaceful, and secure, but are we happier? Historians rarely ask these questions, but they should. One progressive idea is that since we are more capable than our ancestors, we must be happier, but … Read more

Chapter 17: The Wheels of Industry (Sapiens)

We used to rely on animals for energy. Muscle power was key to everything we did. Human muscles built carts and houses, ox muscles ploughed fields, while horse muscled moved things around. The energy that fueled this came from plants, and plants got their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. For thousands of years, people … Read more

Chapter 12: The Law of Religion (Sapiens)

Polytheism Polytheism is open-minded, it rarely persecutes ‘heretics’ and ‘infidels.’ Even when polytheists conquered large empires, they did not try to convert anyone. The Romans refused to tolerate the monotheistic god of the Christians, however. They did not require the Christians to give their beliefs up, but they did expect them to respect the empire’s … Read more

Chapter 11: Imperial Visions (Sapiens)

We think empires are evil, but are they? An empire is a political order. To qualify as an empire, you must rule over different peoples – each with their unique cultural identity and territory. The other requirement is to have flexible borders and an unlimited appetite. Modern day Britain has well-defined borders, but 100 years … Read more