Ch.1: From Steel to Silicon (Chip War)

World War II was a defining moment in human history, with far-reaching impacts on technology, society and the global economy. The conflict was characterized by industrial attrition, with the United States’ production of tanks, ships and planes outpacing all the Axis powers combined. The experiences of Akio Morita in Japan, Morris Chang in China, and Andy Grove in Hungary, each illustrate the unique challenges faced by individuals during the war.

As the war drew to a close in 1945, many people speculated that a new Atomic Age was emerging, one defined by cutting-edge technologies such as rockets and radars. This was fueled in part by the rapid advancements in computing power that took place during the war. Before computers were invented, humans relied on abacuses and mechanical calculators for calculations, but this was a slow process that required considerable effort. The need for faster and more capable computing power during the war drove investment in the development of mechanical computers, which accelerated the field significantly.

During the Great Depression, a group of human computers was employed by the Works Progress Administration to perform complex calculations. However, even before the war, investment was flowing into projects to produce more capable mechanical computers, which were seen as a key tool for solving complex problems. One such example was the creation of mechanical bombsights, which were used to help aviators hit their targets. However, these devices had limited accuracy due to the fact that they only processed a limited number of inputs to produce a single output.

With the advent of electrical charges, early electric computers were able to perform a much wider range of calculations. This was made possible by the use of binary counting systems and vacuum tubes, which could be programmed to switch connections between them, enabling reprogramming capability. However, vacuum tube technology was too cumbersome, slow, and unreliable to be widely adopted. The ENIAC computer, for example, took up an entire room, but only multiplied hundreds of numbers per second faster than any mathematician, making it useful for niche applications like code breaking.

In conclusion, World War II was a turning point in the development of computing power, with the conflict driving investment in the field and accelerating technological advancements. From the use of abacuses and mechanical calculators to the development of early electric computers, the war had a profound impact on the field of computing and paved the way for the digital revolution that followed.

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