Spinoza (A History of Western Philosophy)

Spinoza was the most moral philosopher. He was betrayed by Leibnitz and excommunicated by Jews and Christians. Like Hobbes, Spinoza did not see right or wrong in state of nature. The Sovereign is untouchable. The state should dictate policy. But unlike Hobbes, democracy is natural, free opinion is paramount. Spinoza was most interested in religion and … Read more